does male circumcision reduce hiv transmission

#DOES MALE CIRCUMCISION REDUCE HIV TRANSMISSION DRIVERS#
#DOES MALE CIRCUMCISION REDUCE HIV TRANSMISSION FREE#

We purposively selected adult men who came for SMC at public health facilities offering this service in the district from May to June 2015.

#DOES MALE CIRCUMCISION REDUCE HIV TRANSMISSION DRIVERS#

This study explored the drivers of adult men’s circumcision decisions from the perspective of SMC clients, their experiences with health education at health facilities and personal understanding of partial HIV protection that SMC offers.

Only a few included self-reports of circumcised men. However, these studies have been largely based on community views and male informants who have not yet been circumcised. Previous studies have shown that among the most important reasons for deciding to circumcise are the expected benefits in terms of HIV risk reduction, and the influence of women. Men’s post circumcision behaviours may also be affected by the factors that influenced them to seek SMC. Since comprehensive information about partial HIV risk reduction is ideally provided as part of the health education at health facilities, it is important to explore if and what messages, men remember after receiving SMC services. Such an understanding may motivate them to take other precautions beyond circumcision, such as using condoms and being faithful to one partner, to further reduce their chances of HIV infection. It is vital for SMC clients to appreciate that circumcision provides only partial protection against HIV. Circumcision-specific education should include information about the health benefits of SMC, how the procedure is conducted and potential complications as well as when to resume sex it should also inquire about and correct myths among clients. There should be group education sessions for clients to have basic information on sexual and reproductive health, including HIV, before additional individual counselling is conducted. WHO/UNAIDS recommends that provision of circumcision at health facilities should include health education and counselling for all men. Only Kenya, Ethiopia and Tanzania achieved higher coverage. The circumcision prevalence among adult men in Uganda has been reported to be as high as 40% in 2014, with 2,114,461 men circumcised under the SMC program between 20.

In 2014, over 3.2 million males were circumcised in the 14 WHO-priority countries, bringing the cumulative total to 9.1 million men since the recommendation was first made, and Uganda was one of the better performers with 878,109 men circumcised.

#DOES MALE CIRCUMCISION REDUCE HIV TRANSMISSION FREE#

The public health facilities offering SMC have displayed logos indicating the availability of this free service while some private facilities also provide the services at a cost. These methods help to mobilise men to come for the services. SMC has since been promoted using mass media, posters, billboards, and automobiles with loudspeakers that drive through communities, especially when outreach services are planned. Those who expressed willingness at the time also seemed to be the ones with the largest need for protective measures. The benefit of investing in SMC is also high for countries with epidemic HIV such as Uganda.Ĭircumcision prevalence among men 15 to 49 years in Uganda was 27% in 2011, but with high levels of willingness to be circumcised among uncircumcised men. The estimated benefit is 28 US$ for every dollar invested in HIV hyper endemic countries (with adult prevalence >15%). The Copenhagen consensus identified scaling up SMC to 90% of HIV negative men by 2030 as one of the best investments to realise the post-2015 development agenda. This is in line with sustainable development goal 3.3 that aims in part, to end the AIDS epidemic. Target five of the UNAIDS 2016–2021 strategy aims to have 27 million additional medical circumcisions conducted by 2020 in high HIV prevalence settings like Uganda, as part of integrated sexual and reproductive health services for men. International agencies globally make use of targets to achieve health and development goals that motivate country governments to accelerate progress. It also reduces the risk of penile cancer, prevents inflammation of the glans and the foreskin, makes it easier to keep the penis clean, and prevents potential development of scar tissue on the foreskin. Studies published after the 2007 World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation to scale up SMC, have shown further benefits of SMC beyond HIV prevention a reduction in the prevalence and incidence of high risk Human Papilloma virus, incidence of Herpes Simplex, and genital ulcers in female partners of circumcised HIV negative men. Safe male circumcision (SMC) is a one off long-term efficacious intervention for both individual and population HIV prevention recommended in countries where its prevalence is low and the HIV epidemic is generalised.

Does male circumcision reduce hiv transmission